Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology, primarily affecting the joints and potentially leading to extra-articular manifestations. Due to its complexity, which stems from an incompletely elucidated pathophysiological mechanism, effective management of RA requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Several key prevention strategies have been proposed to control the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. These include reducing exposure to inhaled silica dusts and occupational risks, as well as adopting lifestyle-related behaviors. For instance, it is advised to prevent or stop smoking, maintain healthy nutrition, engage in physical activity, and keep a normal body weight. These lifestyle choices can significantly contribute to lowering the risk of developing RA.
Rheumatoid arthritis and many of the medications used to combat it can impair the immune system, leading to increased infections. Vaccinations are crucial in protecting against diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, shingles, and COVID-19, especially for those with RA.
The treatment for RA usually includes the use of medications that slow disease progression and prevent joint deformity, known as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Biological response modifiers, or biologicals, are effective second-line treatments. If these medications fail to prevent or slow joint damage, surgery may be considered to repair damaged joints, restore function, and reduce pain. Common surgical procedures in RA include synovectomy.
A notable attempt to prevent the onset of rheumatoid arthritis was the PRAIRI study, where high-risk patients with positive autoantibodies and signs of inflammation received a single dose of rituximab. This approach aimed at preventing the development of RA.
Preventive measures for rheumatoid arthritis include not smoking, eating a Mediterranean diet rich in vegetables, fruits, olive oil, nuts, and whole grains, exercising for 20-30 minutes a day, avoiding high salt intake, adding more fish and omega-3 to the diet, reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, and moderate alcohol consumption.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. It is often caused by the interaction between genes and environmental factors, including tobacco, primarily involving synovial joints.
For more detailed information on Rheumatoid Arthritis, visit the World Health Organization (WHO), Mayo Clinic, CDC, and other resources such as PMC, The Lancet, and NCBI Bookshelf.
