Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting not just joints but also other body systems including skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. This autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues. The progression of RA is often predictable and, if left untreated, can advance through several stages.
Stage 1, or early RA, is characterized by inflammation of the joint lining, or synovium. At this stage, bones are not yet damaged, but tissue swelling around the joints can cause stiffness and pain. As RA progresses to Stage 2, or moderate RA, symptoms may become more apparent. Stage 3, or severe RA, involves further progression with increased joint damage and pain. The final stage, Stage 4, or end-stage RA, is marked by severe joint damage and destruction in the absence of ongoing inflammation.
Diagnosis of RA often involves blood tests to detect elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, which indicate inflammation. Other tests look for rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies. Imaging tests are also used for diagnosis.
People with RA may experience worsening of symptoms under certain conditions. It’s important to recognize the signs of progression to manage the condition effectively. End-stage RA requires comprehensive evaluation and medical management to address the severe joint damage.
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