The spinal cord serves as the principal conduit for information exchange between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, encased by the bony structure of the spinal column to the left. This column consists of a series of bones known as vertebrae. The spinal cord originates at the base of the brainstem and extends to the lower back, measuring approximately 44 cm (17.5 inches) in length. It is housed within the vertebral column. The spinal cord is continuous but is commonly divided based on the vertebrae that cover it.
When a spinal cord injury occurs, it is typically due to damage to the nerves within the spinal cord, which often coincides with injury to the bones that encase it, such as fractures or dislocations. Tumors in the spinal cord can be benign or malignant, and they are usually primary rather than metastatic.
The vertebral column’s osteology involves a description of bone structure, particularly the vertebra, numbered N 154 155 18 TG 1-05A, 1-05D. Each vertebra consists of two main parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. There are 33 vertebrae in total, categorized as 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused to form the sacrum, and 4 coccygeal. A typical vertebra features a body, pedicles, and other distinct anatomical parts.
These bones are of more complex shapes, supporting the spinal cord and shielding it from compressive forces. Irregular bones also include many facial bones, particularly those with sinuses.
On X-rays, soft tissue structures such as the spinal cord, spinal nerves, discs, and ligaments are usually not visible, nor are most tumors, vascular malformations, or cysts. X-rays are primarily used to assess bone anatomy and to check the vertebral column’s curvature and alignment.
The spine, also known as the backbone, is a linked column of bone segments extending from the head to the lower back. Each segment is called a vertebra, and collectively, they are referred to as vertebrae. Ligaments and muscles interconnect these vertebrae, and most are separated by a disc that acts as a cushion, absorbing shock along the spine.
This 26-minute video provides foundational knowledge about the normal functions of the spinal cord and the effects of impairments at various injury levels. It also discusses functional goals for different levels of impairment.
For further information on the spinal cord and associated conditions, these resources can be invaluable:
University of Washington,
Michigan State University,
UW Medicine Neurosurgery,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso,
University of Hawai’i,
Columbia University Neurosurgery,
UAB Medicine, and
UAB Medicine SCI FAQs.
