What Are the Clinical Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects joints but may also have widespread systemic effects. It is an autoimmune condition, where the body’s immune system erroneously targets its own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The INITIAL CLINICAL PRESENTATION of RA is most commonly polyarticular, which means it affects multiple joints. It usually has a gradual onset; however, some patients may experience an acute onset with symptoms that are intermittent or migratory, and in rare cases, RA can present as monoarticular, affecting a single joint.

Aside from joint involvement, RA can impact various body systems including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. Identifying the comorbid conditions associated with rheumatoid arthritis is vital. Understanding the pathophysiology of the disease is crucial for healthcare professionals to manage and treat it effectively. The diagnosis of RA often involves the detection of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies.

The hallmark feature of RA is persistent symmetric polyarthritis (synovitis), with the disease affecting both sides of the body equally. The prevalence of this condition is up to 1 percent globally, and while it can occur at any age, it typically peaks between 30 and 50 years.

For a detailed examination of the disorder, its extraarticular manifestations, and laboratory markers useful in the diagnosis of RA, readers can refer to the “Clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis” and “Overview of the systemic and nonarticular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis” articles on UpToDate. Additional information on symptoms and causes can be found on the Mayo Clinic website, and an in-depth review of the condition is available through NCBI Bookshelf.

For those seeking more comprehensive insights, Medscape offers a detailed clinical presentation of RA, which can be accessed here. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the condition are also discussed on UpToDate, and strategies for the management of RA are outlined in the American Academy of Family Physicians’ article, available here.